Apart from the high-energy particle physics, charged bodies are also included in this book such as immune effects of negative charged particles dominated by indoor air conditions and many others. The well-known fluid and kinetic approaches have been used to describe linear waves, whereas the nonlinear analysis of ESW is done via fluid modeling. Electrostatic waves in magnetized electron-positron plasmas are covered in this book where the behavior of arbitrary amplitude of electrostatic wave propagation in electron-positron plasma is discussed. So ion beam is actually used in several applications.
The basic interaction process of charged particle with matter is well known, and much performed detectors are now available. At very high energy, nuclear reactions can be produced and give rise to new particles (neutron, proton alpha, gamma rays). At low energy (0.01 MeV/u), the interaction is mainly with orbital electron known as inelastic interaction and leads to ionization and excitation. Thus, when accelerated charged particle moves in materials, it interacts with orbital electron and nuclei via Coulomb interaction depending on its energy. The idea of the Eloisatron to Pevatron is also included in this book. The basic aim of this study is to detect high-energy muons (1–1000 TeV). In this study, the feasibility for detection of high-energy muons at the underground iron calorimeter detector is demonstrated. The latest research on analysis of ultrahigh-energy muon using pair-meter technique is also presented in Geant4 simulation study for iron plates. Moreover, the cutting-edge and important research topic of flavor (particle physics) to search for new physics via charged particles that appears in the different extension of standard model is presented in this book. Through high-energy colliders, standard models are verified experimentally. These colliders are based on electrostatic charged particle accelerators.
High-energy charged particle colliders are installed around the world for forefront of scientific discoveries. Electromagnetic acceleration is possible from two mechanisms either nonresonant magnetic induction or resonant circuits or cavities excited by oscillating radio frequency. To avoid electrical discharge and increase charged particle energies, techniques involved electromagnetic fields instead of electrostatic fields. Therefore, motion of charged particle in electric and magnetic fields is discussed in order to understand the beam of charged particles and their applications.Ĥ.2 Electromagnetic charged particle acceleratorsĮlectrostatic charged particle accelerators have limitations on its beam energy due to high electrical voltage discharge. Applications of charged particles are subjected to control their motion and energy through electric field and magnetic field. It is positively charged if it loses electron from it. The charged particle is negative when it gains electron from another atom. Thus, an atom can be positive, negative, or neutral. An atom is called neutral if the number of protons equals the number of electrons. The electron carries a negative charge (−1.602 × 10 −19 Coulombs). The nucleus is formed by proton and neutron and thus carries a positive charge (the proton charge is 1.602 × 10 −19 Coulombs). In atomic levels, the atom consists of nucleus around which the electrons turn. It is concluded that charged particle is a particle that carries an electric charge. Studies of cosmic rays opened the door to a world class of particles. Several high-energy particles were also discovered, which is long list. The charged pions can quickly decay into two particles, a muon and a muon neutrino or antineutrino. When these cosmic rays come to earth to interact with upper atmosphere, they collide with the nuclei of atoms, creating more high-energy particles such as pions. These cosmic rays consist of high-energy particles, entering from outer space, such as mainly protons, helium, and heavier nuclei up to uranium. Bringing history back in August 1912, Austrian physicist Victor Hess discovered cosmic rays coming from outer space.